Apache Permission Denied Error can be caused due to one of many configuration mistakes listed below Check the apache configuration settings i) The first is the reference to folder where cgi or perl files will reside and its execute permission settings

 <ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ /usr/local/cgi-bin/>
 <Directory "/usr/local/cgi-bin">
     AllowOverride None
     Options +ExecCGI -MultiViews +SymLinksIfOwnerMatch
     Order allow,deny
     Allow from all
 </Directory>

ii) The second is the proper add handlers that are set for the file execution

AddHandler cgi-script .cgi .pl
<Files ~ "\.pl$">
    Options +ExecCGI
</Files>
<Files ~ "\.cgi$">
   Options +ExecCGI
</Files>

Check the apache error log for any messages (/var/log/apache2/error.log).

GRUB stands for GRand Unified Bootloader. This is to enable the listing of multiple operating systems so the users could choose the OS of their choice. To change the menu order we need to edit a file called menu.lst # vi /boot/grub/menu.lst Look for a line "default 0". This is the option to indicate that the first menu on the list should be loaded by default. In order for you to set the default menu content in the GRUB loader that needs to get started you can set this parameter. This is of the form "default <ID>" where ID = N -1. If there are 4 list items in the menu and if you want to load the 4th item by default, you need to set this configuration setting to "default 3". Another option for you is to have the menu list with the entry "savedefault = true". This would enable the last used menu entry to get loaded during the next boot.

How to access USB Flash Drive? To know the drives and their partition you need to execute # fdisk -l Another option is to list the last 5 entries from /dev to know what devices got attached $ ls -ltr /dev | tail And another option is to use the lsusb command. USB Flash drive will normally be listed down as /dev/sdb1 (more…)

The help pages state ... su - run a shell with substitute user and group id's sudo - execute a command as another user (or root) When 'sudo' is used with a command, the command gets executed with privileges set for the user and the group she belongs to. If a password is required and if it is given initially, the session will be valid depending on the time set for each session and the user needn't have to type the password within that duration. /etc/sudoers is the location where permission settings for sudoers are being set. (more…)

It is often advisable not to disclose information than is necessary when web request are made to Apache server. By default, Apache displays the version of the server, modules loaded in the server and the version of PHP if PHP is configured with Apache. In httpd.conf file, set the following directives. ServerSignature Off ServerTokens ProductOnly By default, ServerSignature is set to Off and ServerTokens is set to Full in most Linux distros.

First list down the CD/DVD devices connected to your machine and find the device name. Some of the tools that comes handy in an Ubuntu machine are 'wodim', 'genisoimage' Wodim stands for Write Data to Optical Disk Media. If you don't have the software installed in your Ubuntu release do an apt-get $ apt-get install wodim To know more about wodim and its parameter definition try man on wodim To list the CD/DVD devices on the machine, issue $ wodim --devices wodim: Overview of accessible drives (2 found) : ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0 dev='/dev/scd0' rwrw-- : 'HL-DT-ST' 'CD-RW GCE-8481B' 1 dev='/dev/scd1' rwrw-- : 'HL-DT-ST' 'DVD-ROM GDR8161B' Our read-write CD device is in /dev/scd0. So our command for burning the .iso image $ wodim dev=/dev/scd0 driveropts=burnfree -v -data ubuntu8desktop.iso To burn audio files $ wodim dev=/dev/scd0 driveropts=burnfree -v -audio one.wav two.wav three.wav Further read i) ubuntu guide http://ubuntuguide.org/wiki/Ubuntu:Feisty/CDDVDBurning ii) ubuntu site https://help.ubuntu.com/community/CdDvd/Burning