Shell scripts are written to execute a set of commands and to group them. The scripts will have the following special line #!/bin/bash This is an indication that the shell script is used in bash shell and that it should be called for command execution. To know the path of the bash shell, type $ cat /etc/shells (more…)

Shell is an environment around the Kernel providing user interaction. It accepts user commands and convert them to binary code. It is not part of the kernel but uses the kernel to execute the commands. Commonly available shells - BASH (Bourne Again Shell) - CSH (C Shell) - KSH (Korn Shell) All these shells do the same job and the differences come in the form of syntax that these shells use to execute commands and the built-in functions that comes along with it. You can find the shell that is in execution by typing $ echo $SHELL To find all the available shells in the system, type $ cat /etc/shells

To create a password file and to add users to it, use the command $ htpasswd -cm /secured/.mypass username1 To add users to the already existing password file, use the command $ htpasswd -m /secured/.mypass username2 When additional users are added to the password file, ensure that you don't use the "-c" option. Read Password protect directories here

Alias command comes handy when we are in need to make long and frequently used command string short. To list the current set of aliases simply type $ alias To display the set alias for a specified alias name, type $ alias alias-shortstring Example: $ alias ls To set an alias you use the format $ alias shortstring = "linux command string" (more…)

Edit ports.conf file and configure the port number for the different IP's configured for network interfaces Listen 192.168.1.100:8001 Listen 192.168.1.200:8002

/etc/apache2/conf.d/ and /etc/apache2/sites-enabled are the two locations from where configuration settings are ready by apache Apache configuration file has two lines (listed below) in /etc/apache2/apache2.conf which does that # Include generic snippets of statements Include /etc/apache2/conf.d/ # Include the virtual host configurations: Include /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/